dw];L blntsf] e]befjsf
cfofdx?
/Iff/fd xl/hg
dfgj clwsf/ clws[t,
t/fO{ dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs ;+hfn -y8{ PnfoG;_
!= laifo k|j]z
æhftLo 5'jf5"t tyf
e]bfefjlj?4 n8f}+M ljutaf6 kf7 l;sf}+Æ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
ef]nL cyf{t @! dfr{df hftLo
e]befj lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; dgfOb} 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df d}n] ;lDemg}
kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cNk;+Vos uf]/f ;/sf/n] ;g\ !($* b]lv /+ue]b gLlt nfu"
u/L sfnf hflt dfly Jofks lae]b ug{ yfn]kl5 g]N;g dG8]nfsf] cu'jfO{df clkm|sfdf
cfGbf]ng eof] . @! dfr{ !(^) df blIf0f clkm|sfsf ;fk{leNn] eGg] 7fpFdf pQm
lje]bsf/L gLltsf lj?4df zflGtk'0f{ ?kdf ;8sdf lgl:sPsf xhf/f} dflg;x?sf]
h'n';nfO{ ToxfFsf] tfgfzfxL ;/sf/n] bdg ubf{ ^( hgfn] ;xfbQ k|fKt u/]] . o;}
;+3if{sf] pkhsf] ?kdf !(^^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] dfr{ @! nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o hftLo tyf /+ue]b pGd"ng lbj; 3f]if0ff uof{] . hftLo tyf /+ue]b
pGd"ng lbj;sf] cj;/df dw]zL blntn] ef]Ug' k/]sf lje]bsf laifonfO{ k|:t't
ub{5' .
@= dw]; / dw];L
g]kfn ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s tyf ax';f+:s[lts d'n's xf] . g]kfn tLg ef}uf]lns If]qdf
ljeflht /x]sf] 5 M lxdfnL, kxf8L tyf t/fO{ -dw];_ If]q . dw]; If]q eGgfn]
blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf /x]sf] ;dy/ d}bfgL OnfsfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . dw]; If]qdf b]zsf]
em08} cfwf hg;+Vofsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . tLg} If]qdf hghftLsf] afx'No /x]sf] 5
. h;sf] cfkm\g} efiff tyf ;+:s[lt /x]sf] 5 / h'g k/Dk/fut lxGb' hftLo ;+/rgfdf
/x]sf] 5}g . csf]{ hftLo ;d"x eg]sf] dw];L xf] -of] ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts,
eflifs ;dfgtf tyf gftfsf] ;DaGw ef/t;+u /x]sf] 5_, t];|f] d'Vo afl;Gbfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] t/fO{sf kxf8Lx? -logLx? kxf8af6 a;fO{ ;/]sf x'g_ .[1] dw];L eGgfn] ;dy/
t/fO{ jf dw];sf afl;GbfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . dw];Lx?n] af]Ng] efiff, ;+:s[lt, klx/g
tyf ljlwljwfgx? -l/r'jn_ Pj+ efiff kxf8L ;d'bfosf] eGbf km/s 5 .[2] g]kfndf dw];Lx?
s'n hg;+Vof Ps ltxfOb]lv lnP/ em08} cfwf hg;+Vofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .[3] t/fO{sf dw];L
hgtf nfdf] ;dob]lv /fli6|o?kdf jr{Zj sfod ug{ ;kmn kxf8L afx'g If]qLaf6
e]befjsf] lzsf/ x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\ .[4]
t/fO{ g]kfnsf]
cGGf e08f/ If]qsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 t/ klg t/fO{df clzIff, a]/f]huf/L / ul/aLsf]
7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . lzIff tyf ;fIf/tfsf] k|ltzt of] If]qdf cem} klg
lgs} sd /x]sf] 5 / o'jf ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] j[lt ljsf;sf] nflu lgs} sd cj;/
k|fKt /x]sf] 5 . e]befj Pp6f ;+/rgfut / k|0ffnLut ;d:of ePsf] 5 . ljleGg If]qdf
dflg;x? e]befjsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\, h;n] ubf{ /fhgLlts jftf{x?df 7"nf]
Ph]G8f x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] e]befjs} ljifonfO{ lnP/ cbfntdf d'2f klg kg]{ ul/Psf]
5 .
#= dw];L blnt
ækxf8L -v; cfo{_ blntx? zf;s ju{ -vf; u/L afx'g If]qL_jf6 lje]bsf]
l;sf/ x'g] u/]sf 5g, eg] dw];L blnt t emg zfl;t-dw];L_sf] bf;sf] ?kdf ljleGg
lje]bx? ef]Ug' k/]s]f 5 .Æ dw];L blnt dlxnfsf] t emg lahf]u cj:yf 5 . dw];L
blntx? ljleGg s'/fn] ;Ddfg / ;xeflutf kfPgg\ . tL x'gM u/La eP/, dw];L eP/,
blnt eP/, g]kfnL efifL geP/, bngsf] la/f]w ug{ g;s]/, ;fdflhs, ;/sf/L tyf u}/
;/sf/L >f]t ;fwgdf kx'Fr geP/ .
b]ptfsf] 3/df kfkL e]6fpg ;S5 t/ g]kfnsf] blnt cfGbf]ngdf dw]zL blnt
e]6fpg ;lsb}g . To;df g]kfnsf] k"0f{t blnt cfGbf]ng u};; / kl/of]hgfdf
l;ldt ePsf] cj:yf 5 . blnt;Fu x'g] o:tf] ulx/f] ;+/rgfTds lae]bnfO{ d'nwf/]
/fhlglts cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ .
dw];L d"nsf blntx?, != sn/, @= ss}lxof, #= sf]/L, $= vl6s, %= vTj]
-d08n v+u_, ^= rdf/ -/fd, df]rL, xl/hg /ljbf;_, &= lrl8df/, *= 8f]d -dl/s_,
(= tTdf -tfFtL, bf;_, !)= b';fw -kf;jfg xh/f_, !!= wf]jL -/hs lxGb'_, !@= kf;L,
!#= aft/, !$= d';x/, !%= d]:t/ -xnvf]/_, !^= ;/e+u -;/jl/of_, !&= g6'jf,
!*= 9fF8L, !(= wl/sf/, wGsf/ /x]sf 5g\ . ->f]tM /fli6«o blnt cfof]u ._
@)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof !@=!# k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] . blnt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3n] k|sfzg u/]sf] cfs8f cg';f/ blnt
;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof lj=;+=@)^% ;Ddsf] tYof+sdf s'n hg;+Vofsf] em08} @) k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
o;/L blnt hg;+Vofdf ;dfgtf kfOsf] 5}g . s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf] @)^*
;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ blntsf s'n hg;+Vofdf kxf8L d"nsf % hft cyf{t *=!@
k|ltzt / dw];L d"nsf !) hft cyf{t $=$! k|ltzt u/L !% hft / cGo blnt )=%(
k|ltzt u/L !#=!@ k|ltzt /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . blnt cfof]usf] blnt hftLo ;"rL
cg';f/ eg] kxf8L blntsf] *=!@, dw];L blnt $=%! k|ltzt / cGo blnt )=%( k|ltzt
u/L s'n hg;V+ofsf] !#=@@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . cfof]un] @)^) ;fndf dw];L blnt
d"nsf vl6s, ss}lxof hftnfO{ blntleq ;"rLs[t u/]sf] lyof] t/ @)^*
;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf ;d]t vl6s, ss}lxof hftsf] hg;+Vof pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g .
$= dw];L blnt dlxnf
g]kfndf ;a} eGbf a9L lje]b / alGrtLs/0fdf s'g} ju{ ;d'bfo 5 eg] Tof] dw];L
blnt dlxnf xf] . dw];L blntdf dlxnf x'g'sf] lk8f blntn] ef]Ug] lk8fsf] emG8}
tLg u'0ff a9L 5 . xfdL dw];L blntsf] s'/fnfO{ p7fO/xbfF dw];L blnt dlxnfnfO{
klg ;+u;+u} n}hfg' kg{] x'G5 . pgLx? lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufot x/]s If]qdf
dw];L blnt eGbf Ps tx k5f8L /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL /fHosf] zf;g ;+/rgfdf t
dw]zL dlxnf blntsf] lap ;d]t e]6fpg ;lsb}g . s] pgLx?sf ;kgf 5}gg\ ls l;l8of]
agf}+, P;kL agf}+, GofofwLz agf}+ < of] aGg slt aif{ s'g'{ k5{, ls csf]{
lab|f]xsf] cfjZstf 5<
%= dw];L blntsf] ;d:ofx?
s_ hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5'tM
æ9f]n, z'b|, kz' gf/L oL ;a x'g tf8g sL clwsf/L .Æ of] dfgl;stfdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf slt klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5}g\ . lae]b eGg] zAbn] AolQm jf s'g} ;d"x pk/ ul/g] km/s jf leGg lsl;dsf] Aojxf/ xf] . g]kfndf
dw];L blnt d'Vo b'O{ lsl;dsf lje]bsf] l;sf/ x'b} cfPsf 5g\, ;+/rgfut / gLltut .
hftL, /u+, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fhg}lts jf cGo ljrf/wf/f, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs
pTklQ, ;DklQ, hGd jf cGo s'g} klg cfwf/df ul/g] km/s Aojxf/, JolQmsf] lhjg,
:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / dof{bf ljkl/t ul/g] leGg k|sf/sf] sfo{ g} e]befj xf] . lje]bsf
:j?kx? ;dfh, ;d'bfo, b]z, dxfb]z cflbdf km/s km/s x'G5 . ;fdflhs PjF ef}uf]lns
sf/0fn] ubf{ ljsf;df ;xefuLtf gu/fO{g', k|fs[lts ;fwg / >f]tsf] pkef]u ug{
gkfpg', b]zsf] /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;lgs PjF lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuLtf x'g] cj;/af6
afl~rt ul/g' tyf ;f] ;Dddf kx'rF gx'g' klg lje]b xf] .
g]kfndf /x]sf] ;Dk'0f{ blntx?sf] ;d:ofx? km/s km/s 5g\ . kxf8L blnt
eGbf a9L e]befj dw];L blntn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . blntn] vf;u/L hftLotfsf] cfwf/df
lje]b ef]Ug' k5{, eg] dw];L blnt hftLo, juL{o / efiffut lje]bsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{
. dw];L blntx?n] klxnf] blnt x'g'sf] ;d:of, csf{ dw];L x'g' ;d:of, t]>f]
g]kfnL -v;_ efifL gx'g'sf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k5{ . pgLx? dfly zf/Ll/s lx+;f, dfgl;s
oftgf jf lx+;f, s[lif sfo{df, Joj;flos If]q, wfld{s :yn / JolQmut 3/x?,
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf, d7dlGb/, xf6 ahf/,
xf]6n, ;fj{hlgs sfof{no, laBfno nufotsf ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df lae]b eO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf blntnfO{ k|wfgdGqL sfof{no h:tf] :yfgdf ;d]t lae]baf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf
5}gg . ToxL eP/ sltko
blnt ;d'bfosf] JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] y/ n'sfpg] tyf kl/jt{g ;d]t ul//x]sf 5g\ .
xfn 5'jf5'tsf] cj:yfdf s]xL sld cfP tfklg hftLo e]befjdf vf;} sld cfPsf]
b]lvb}g . h:t} hft ePs} sf/0f laleGg 7f+pdf gf]s/L gkfpg', cGt/jftf{df km]n
x'g' h:tf y'k} 36gfx? 36]sf] 5g\ . dw];L blntx? laBfno, wfld{s :yn, xf]6n,
sfo{:yndf lje]b v]Kg'sf] ;fy} blntn] cGt/hftLo ljjfx
u/]s} sf/0f w]/} hf]8Lx? la:yflkt ePsf 36gfx? klg 5g\ .
dw];df dw];L blntnfO{ zflGt;'/Iffsf] lgx'df /fHon] oftgf lbg] tyf xTof
;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . y8{ PnfoG;sf] t/fO{df lg/Gt/ u}/Goflos xTof gfds k|ltj]bg
cg';f/ s'n !@ j6f u}/Goflos xTofdf # hgf dw];L blnt /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} k|x/Låf/f
oftgf ef]Ug]df dw];sf clwsf+z dw];L blnt g} /x]sf] ljleGg k|ltj]bgx?n] b]vfpF5
.
v_ alx:s/0fM
g]kfndf
alx:s/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] afx'gjfbL, lkt[;QfjfbL, kxf8Lof Psflwsf/jfbL, ljkl/tln+ujfbL,
;fdGtjfbL, cfGtl/s pklgj]zjfbL, ;fd|fHojfbL, v; g]kfnL efiff, lxGb'
j0ff{>djfbL / zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf ;Ifdx?n] ljleGg hflt, efiff, wd{, ln+u,
of}lgstf, ju{, If]q / ckf+utf ePsf JolQm nufotsf JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{ 3/ kl/jf/
jf ;fj{hlgs hLjg jf ;fj{hlgs :yn jf lghL If]q jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfodf k|j]z ug{, k|ltlgwTj
/ kmfObf k|fKt ug{af6 cflz+s jf k'0f{?kdf /f]Sg] ;f]Fr, gLlt / Joxjf/nfO{
hgfpFb5 .
Gofofnos]]}] ;+/rgf x]g{] xf] eg] lhNnf GofofwLzdf !*) hgf lhNnf
GofofwLzdf # hgf dw]zL, k'g/fj]bg GofofwLzdf *) df & hgf, k'g/fj]bg cltl/Qm
GofofwLz @* df ^ hgf dw];L / ! hgf blnt, k'g/fj]bg d'Vo GofofwLz !^ df ! hgf
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz !@ hgfdf # dfq dw]zL ;d'bfosf] /x]sf] 5g\ . o;/L
Gofofnodf dw];L blntsf] kx'Fr z'Go 5 . Ps hgf klg dw];L blnt GofofwLz 5}gg\ . ->f]tM
Gofo kl/ifb a'n]l6g_ .
xfn} /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u nufotsf ;+j}wflgs
lgsfox?, ;+:yfgsf kbflwsf/L tyf /fhb't lgo'lQm ug{] dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{ox?df Ps
hgf klg blnt jf dw];L blnt ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g . dw];L blnt pQm kbsf] of]Uo 5}gg
ls c5'tnfO{ lgo'lQm ldNb}g . oL t pbfx/0fdf dfq} x'g . dw];L blntx? ;]gf,
k|x/L, lghfdtL nufotdf kx'Fr 5}g .
dxfnIdL k|f=lj= slknj:t'sf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf dw];L blnt
pDd]bjf/ ag]kl5 ;Dk'0f{ sd{rf/L / /fhgLlts bnx?n] if8oGq u/L x/fP . ;f}/xf,
slknj:t'df cWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt eP/ klg Ps aif{;Dd kbflwsf/ kfPgg\ .
blntx?n] j]b k'/f0f k9\g'
x'b}g, ;+:s[lt cWoog ug'{ x'b}g eGg] dfgl;stfn] g]kfn j]b ljBf>ddf u}/
a|fxd0fn] egf{ lng gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ;DaGwdf clwjQmf df]xg
;fz+s/ lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]tsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f -;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$!^_df ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] gLlt
lgod th{'df u/L ;]jfnfO{ Jofks / ;+:yfut ug{ lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z u/]sf] 5 .
u_ ul/aL / a]/f]huf/LM
dw];df 7'nf] v]tLof]Uo hldg 5, t/ #(Ü blnt e"ldlxg 5g\ . dw];L
blntx?sf] c?sf] v]tdf sfd ug{ afWo 5g\ . g]kfndf
k/Dk/fut ?kdf snf, ;Lk / >dsf] wgL dflg;x?sf] Pp6f 7'nf] ;d'x ljut xhf/f}+
aif{ b]lv hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ ef]Ub} cfPsf] 5 . dw];L blntsf] dfgj ljsf; ;'rf+s )=$)) /x]sf] 5 . ToxLF kxf8L blntsf]
)=$$% /x]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm cfo @$) 8n/ ePsf] g]kfndf $) 8n/ eGbf klg sd cfodf
aif{ u'hf5{g dw];L blntx?. *) k|ltzt dw];L blntx? ul/aLsf] /]vfd"lg afFRg]
u5{g .
hLjge/L dw]zL blnt csf{sf] v]tdf kl;gf aufP/ dflnssf] evf/L e5{g
af]S5g\ t/ pgsf aRrf ;Fw} ef]sf] k]6 /ft sf6g' k/]sf] x'G5 . dw];L blnt ul/aLsf]
sf/0f s;}n] cfkm\g} aRrfsf] xTof u5{g eg] sf]xL blntnfO{ c?n] xTof ;d]t u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;s} pbfx/0f, 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ k]6e/L vfg v'jfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f ;Kt/LsL
;hgL ;bfn] cfkm\gf tLg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] xTof ul/g\ . O6f e6\6fdf sfd u/L b}lgs u'hf/f ug{] zDe'gfy g=kf= *, e+uxfsf
hf]luGb| ;bfn] O6fe6\6fsf dflns /fd ;'Gb/ rf}w/L;Fu laut # aif{otf sfd u/]sf] Hofnfsf]
lx;fa dfu] kl5 pgsf] ul/of] .
3_ clzIffM
dw];L blntsf] #^ k|ltzt dfq} ;fIf/ eg] kxf8L blnt %* k|ltzt ;fIf/ /x]sf
5g\ . dw];L bltnnfO{ a9\g' k5{ eGg] ;r]tgf ePg\ . dw];L blntnfO{ u}/blntn] k9\g
k|f]T;fxg u/]gg\, /fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfon] vf;} rf;f] b]vfPg . To;df dw];L blnt
leqs} ;d:of, klxnf] t k9/ s] x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stf . ljBfnodf k9\g k7fpg' eGbf 3f;Fbfpbf
ug{ k7fp5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k hftLo 5'jf5't / lje]b h/f uf8]/ a;L/x]sf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ clwsf+z lg/If/ eP, laBfno uP/ klg @.$ sIff k9]/ 5f]8\g] w]/}
eP . s]xLn] dfq dfWolds lzIff, pRr dfWolds lzIff ;Dd k9\g ;s] . Gog dfqfdf dfq}
pRr lzIff k9\g ;s] . s]xLn] lae]bsf] sf/0f k9\g ;s]gg eg] s]xLn] ul/aLsf sf/0f
. s]xL k9\g] OR5f x'Fbf klg ul/aLsf] sf/0f k9\g ;s]gg\, a}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf] nflu knfog eP . laBfnodf k9g\ hfFbf ef]Ug] lje]b / 5'jf5't klg p:t}
5 . ;a} dw];L blntn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf laBfnodf lje]b ef]u}s} x'G5 .
/fHon] ;a} afnaflnsf laBfnodf Nofpg egf{ cleofgsf] gLlt t Nofof] t/
Tof] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g\. sltko blnt afnaflnsf laBfno egf{ eP klg laBfno
hfFb}gg\ . sf]xL t 5fqa[ltsf] nflu dfq} hfG5 .
5fqa[ltaf6 blntsf] gfpFdf cfPsf] 5fqa[ltnfO{ ef}lts lgdf{0f sfo{df
nufpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} laBfnodf ;Dk'0f{ laBfyL{nfO{ bfdf;fxL lx;fan] ljt/0f
u/]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] ldnf]dtf]df u}/blntnfO{ 5fqa[lt lbg] lgot
dw];df klg nfu' x'G5 .
ª_ gful/stfM
/fli6«otf x/]s
gful/ssf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . /fli6«osf] gfpdf g]kfndf gful/stfsf] ljifo
;a}eGbf hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn ljifo agfOof] . zf;s
ju{sf] cfkm"eGbf km/s cg'xf/ If]q, hflt / lnË ePsf] JolQm
ljb]zLsf] ?kdf Jojxf/ u/L pgLx?nfO{ ;Fw} gful/stfaf6 alGrt ug]{] /0fgLlt /x]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf]
gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gn] P]ltxfl;s?kdf dw];Lx?nfO{ e]befj u/]sf] ;fdfGo
a'emfO{ 5 .Æ[13] dlxnf, sfg'g tyf ljsf; d~rn] @)&! Dff k|sflzt u/]sf]
Pp6f gful/stf;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn] @) k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtf;Fu gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq
g/x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . h;df sl/a *) k|ltzt dw];L blnt /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] gful/stfnfO{ /fli6«otf;+Fu bfFh]/ clwsf+z dw];L blntnfO{
gful/stfaf6 alGrt ul/Psf] 5 . dw];Ln] gful/stf ;jfn p7fpg] ljlQs} ef/tLonfO{ gful/stf lbnfpg vf]h]sf]
cf/f]k v]Kg' k5{ . h;sf] df/df clwsf+z dw];L blnt k5{g\ . ltgnfO{ d r'gf}tL lbg rfxG5', cfp
x]/ dw]zsf e'ldklt, 7'Nnf elgg] hft / ;fdGtx? ;j}n] 5n, jn / snsf] k|of]u u/]/
gfu/Lstf lnO ;s]sf 5g\ afFsL 5, lgd'vf dw]zL blnt . tLgnfO{ ef/tLo eg]/
gxf]Rrofp / gfu/Lstfdf s7f]/ sfg"g gagfpm .
^= k|zf;lgs tyf efiffut ;d:of
dw];df /fHosf] x/]s lgsfo tyf sfof{nox?sf k|d'v pRr kb:y v; efifL / kxf8L
;d'bfos} 5g\ . pgLx?n] xfd|f] ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lt cj:yf / efiff s]xL klg a'em]sf
x'b}g\ . sfof{nox?df s'g} sfd ug{ hfFbf dw];Ln] eg]sf] s'/f a'em\b}g . clwsf+z
dw];L blntx? v; efiff a'em\b}g . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ k|zf;lgs sfd sl7gfO{ x'G5 . k|zf;g
k|d'v, k|x/L k|d'v tyf cGo ;Dk'0f{ sfof{nosf k|d'vx? ;]jssf] ?kdf geO{ zf;ssf] ?kdf b]vf k5{g .
efiffsf] s'/f ubf{, laBfno, ;/sf/L sfof{no nufotsf 7fFpdf efiffsf]
;d:of x'G5 . laBfnodf g]kfnL efiffdf g} k9fO{ x'G5 . lstfj g]kfnL efiff d} x'G5
. dw];sf] aRrfn] cjlw, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, alHhof nufotsf dft[ efiff l;s]sf]
x'G5 . laBfnodf k'Ug] lalQs} g]kfnL efiffdf lstfj kfpF5. p;nfO{ t sIff !) ;Dd
g]kfnL efiff g} l;Sg nfU5 eg] p;n] laBfnodf s] k95\ .
&= gLltut lae]b, alx:s/0f
g]kfndf sfg"gL ?kd} 5'jf5't / lje]b ul/of] . d'n'sL P]g !(!) sf]
dxn ^@ sf] Hofg dfg{] dxnsf] cbn ! df æpkfWofo a|fxd0f, h};L a|fxd0f /
tx|f}Tofe6\6 s;}n] dflg; df/]df P]g adf]lhd c+z ;j{:j u/L bfdn ug'{Æ eg]sf] lyof]
eg] ;f] dxnsf] cbn $ df ætfufwf/L If]qL, u}/ dtjfnL ;'b| jf Tof] ;Fu ;DalGwt
hftn] dflg; df/]df hofgdf Hofgsf] abnf Hofg lng'Æ eg]sf] lyof] . To:t} dxn ^$
y's]sf] dxnsf] cbn ! df æa|fxd0f hftn] /fhk't, tfufwf/L hftsf] dflg;nfO{ y's]df
% ?k}ofF b08 ug'{ . gdf;LGof hftnfO{ y'Sof @ ?k}ofF, df;Lg] hftnfO{ y's] !
?k}ofF, kfgL grNg] hftnfO{ ;fdfGo b08 ug'{Æ eg]sf] lyof] eg] ;f]xL dxnsf] cbn
& df ækfgL grNg] hftn] 7'nf] hftsf dflg;nfO{ y's]df @) ?k}ofF b08 ug'{ / yk
! ?k}ofF lnO{ wdf{lwsf/af6 ktLo lbg'Æ elgPsf] lyof] . -d'n'sL P]g !(!)_ . o;/L
sfg'g agfP/ g} lje]b ul/Psf] h8 pv]Ng ;do nfUg' :jfefljs 5 .
t/ d'n'sL P]g @)@) n] To:tf lje]b x6fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]
cbnsf] dxnsf] !) g+= df s;}n] s;}nfO{ hftLkftL, wd{, ju{ jf sfdsf] cfwf/df
5'jf5'tsf] e]befjk'0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ kfpb}g, u/]df b08lgo x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt
u/]sf] 5 . -d'n'sL P]g @)@), k[= @@(_
&= dw];df hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't ;DaGwL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;d:of
æ;+ljwfg -sfg'g_ hlt ;'s} /fd|f] lsg g xf];\, cGttM Tof] g/fd|f] ;fljt
x'G5, olb To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] JolQm v/fa 5g\ eg] . t/ ;+ljwfg hlt ;'s}
g/fd|f] lsg g xf];\, cGttM /fd|f] ;fljt x'G5, olb To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] JolQm
/fd|f] eP .Æ
;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug{] ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw
!(^% sf] @! l8;]Da/sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f kfl/t eO{ ;g\ !(^( sf]
$ hgj/L b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&! hgj/L #) tbcg';f/ lj=;=
@)@& df3 !& df cg'df]bg uof{] .
g]kfndf xfn hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't pGd"ngsf] nflu sfg'gx? kof{Kt
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf hftLo lje]b tyf 5'jf5't lj?4df d'n'sL P]g @)@) sf] cbnsf]
dxnsf] !) g+= df sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . h'g @)^# ;fndf ;+zf]wgaf6 ylkPsf]
xf] . h;df hft, wd{, ju{ jf sfdsf] cfwf/df 5'jf5't, e]befj ug{ gkfpg] / u/]df
b08 / ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
)^@.)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k'gM:yflkt Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] )^# h]i7 @! ut]
g]kfnnfO{ 5'jf5't d'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff uof{] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^@ sf]
wf/f !# / !$ df df}lns xssf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË,
pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
;f] cfwf/df s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] 5'jf5"t jf e]befj s'g} klg :yfgdf ug{ gkfOg] / To:tf] sfo{nfO{
uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] ¿kdf sfg'gåf/f b08gLo agfOg] / To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t
JolQmnfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] k|fjwfgsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . To;} )^% ;fndf blntsf] clgjfo{ ;xeflutf x'g] u/L uflj; :t/Lo 5'jf5't
lgu/fgL s]Gb| / x/]s cbfntdf 5'jf5't lgjf/0f ;]n :yfkgf ug{] 3f]if0ff uof{] .
;/sf/n] @)^* ;fndf hftLo lje]b tyf 5'jf5't -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g agfof]
. 5'jf5't tyf hftLo lje]bnfO{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2f agfOPsf] 5 . /fHon] g} hfx]/Lsf]
cfwf/df cg';+wfg u/L d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .
oL lgod sfg'gsf] k|efjsfl/tf ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/fO{
dw];df x'g] To:tf] 5'jf5't tyf lje]bsf] 36gfsf] klxnf t k|x/Ln] hfx]/L g} btf{
gug{], hfx]/L lnP klg d]nldnfkaf6 ;dfwfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . dw];df 5'jf5't tyf
hftLo ljebsf 36gf k|x/L jf k|zf;gdf k'u] klg k|x/Ln] g} To:tf 36gf d]nldnfk
ug]{ u/]sf kfOG5 . sf/0f– k|x/L, sd{rf/L, GofofwLz blnt ;d'bfosf x'b}g .
*= hftLo lje]b tyf 5'jf5'tsf] pGd"ng s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
s_ cbfnt tyf k|zf;lgs lgsfoaf6 lgikIf tyf ;dfg Gofosf] ;'lglZrtf
g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !#-#_ n] s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b ul/g]
5}g, k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{, JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu
sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] eg]sf] 5 . wf/f @$ n] Gofof]lrt / lgikIf
;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . eg] c;dy{ kIfnfO{ lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf ;d]t
k|bfg ug{] eg]sf] 5 .
dw];L blntn] ;f] clwsf/af6 alGrt x'g'df /fHosf] slyt lxGb'jfbL,
a|xfd0fjfbL tyf v;jfbLsf] ;f]r g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . k|x/L, ;]gf, sd{rf/L,
GofofwLz, /fhgLltdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj 5}g, slxF st} ePklg tNnf] :t/df dfq 5 .
o;df blntsf] klg bf]if x'g ;S5, pgLx?n] lje]bsf] ;fdgf ug{ g;Sg'. To;df klg
dw]zL ;fdGtL cem} a9L qm'/ / zf];s 5g\ . v; cfo{;+u 8/fpF5 / dw];L blntnfO{
t;f{p5 .
g]kfn clxn] dw];L blnt, dlxnfx?sf] lgikIf ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;dfg Gofosf]
;'lglZrttf ug{ c;kmn /x]sf] 5 . dw];L blntx? k|zf;lgs Gofodf af/Daf/ lje]bsf]
lzsf/ x'b}5g\ . cleof]hgstf{ tyf GofofwLzx? klg lje]bsf] d'2fdf lgikIf / ;TotYo
cg';+wfg tyf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . vf;u/L blnt dlxnfsf] lx+;f tyf
anfTsf/sf] 36gf ldnfpg] u/]sf] pbfx/0f ;d]t e]l6G5 . k|x/Ls} ldnf]dtf]df
/fhgLlts bjfjdf ldnfOPsf] kfOG5 . /fHosf] lgod, sfg'g sfuhdf dfq l;ldt /x]sf] 5
. Gofostf{sf] Gofo lg?k0fdf p;sf] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k[li7e"ldn]
lgb{]lzt u/]sf] x'G5 . dw];L blntn] dw];L bltnsf] oyfy{ ;d:of a'em\g ;S5g\ . To;}n]
ljBdfg lgod sfg'gsf] ;fy} ljz]if sfg'gsf] Joj:yf u/L Goflos lgsfox?df blntsf]
lgo'lQm ug'{ k5{ .
v_ x/]s lgsfo tyf :yfgdf blntx?sf] ;dfg kx'Fr / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf
@)^& ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ;dfj]zLs/0f cfof]u u7g uof{] . cfof]un]
;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg klg a'emfof] . Tof] k|ltj]bg s'g cj:yfdf 5 s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g
. gt sfof{Gjog g} ePsf] 5 . To:t} @)^* ;fndf ;dfj]zL ljwo]s tof/ eof], t/ btf{
g} ePg . o;/L /fHon] ljleGg ;+3if{, cfGbf]ng :j?k c;kmn k|of; u/]sf] 5 . dw];L
blnt lzIfs, lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/Lsf] tNnf] txdf s]xL ;xeflutf 5 . t/ Gofofno,
;]gfdf z'Go g} 5 . To;}n] pQm ;dfj]zL ljwo]s tTsfn ;+;baf6 kfl/t ug'{ k5{ .
/fHosf] x/]s lgsfo dlxnf, dw];L, blnt hghftL, ckf+u nufotsf] k5fl8
k/]sf] ;d'bfo / If]qnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug{] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf $% k|ltzt, k|x/L / z;:q k|x/Ldf
#% k|ltzt, lqljlj ;]jf cfof]un] %) k|ltzt tyf a}s, /fhgLlts bn, cGo ;+:yfg /
;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfn] klg a9L %) k|ltzt;Dd kb 5'6\ofOPsf] kfOG5 . eg] ;]gfdf
cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOb}g . h;df dlxnf, hghftL, dw];L, blnt / lk5l8Psf]
If]q eg]/ ;d"xut 5'6\ofPsf] kfOG5 . dw];L blntsf] nflu 5'6\6} x'b}g,
pgLx?n] dw];L / blntdf cfj]bg lbg kfpF5 . kl/0ffd :j?k dw];Ldf u}/dw];L / blnt
sf]6f kxf8L blnt dfq 5gf}6 x'G5g\ . ckjfb afx]s pgLx? kb{}gg\ . o;/L dw];L blnt / dlxnf ;dfj]zLs/0faf6 alGrt
x'G5g\ .
t;y{ dw];L blnt / dw];L dlxnf blntsf] lghfdlt
;]jf, ;]gf, k|x/L nufotsf /fHosf ;a} lgsfo / If]qx?df ;dfg'kfltssf ;dfj]zL/s0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu sfg'g agfpg' k5{ . ;fy} blnt ;d'bfosf] ;zlQms/0f, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf] nflu
sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
u_ cGo ;'emfjM
·
blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pglhof] /
kl/of]hgfj6 pGd'Qm u/L /fHlglts cGbf]ngsf] ?kdf ljsf;
·
;dfj]zLsf] gf/f lbg]n] cfkmgf]
leq klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
·
dw];L blnt / dlxnfdfly s'g}
JolQm, ;d"x jf ;+:yfaf6 x'g] lx+;f jf oftgfaf6 ;'/Iff Pj+ ;+/If0fsf]
Uof/]G6L ug'{ k5{ .
· dw];L blnt ;fdfGo /fhgLlts clwsf/ pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . t/ /fHosf] gLlt
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog txdf vf;} pkl:yt b]lvb}g, To:tf] txdf klg ;Gtf]if hgs
pkl:ytL x'g'sf] ;fy} ;Dk'0f{ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ k5{ .
· dw];L blnt / dlxnfnfO{ z;lQms/0f u/L, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ k5{ .
·
g]kfndf s]xL vf; hft / ;d'bfosf
blntx? d"nk|jfxLs/0f 5g\ . pgLx?n] cGo dw];L, dlxnf tyf hghftL blntsf] klg
z;lQms/0fdf xft]dfnf] ub{} d"n k|jflxs/0fdf Nofpg d2t ug'{ k5{ .
·
To:t} dw];L blntn] klg dw];L
blnt dlxnfsf] ljsf;, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xeflutf / z;lQms/0fsf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{ k5{
.
·
blnt ;d'bfonfO{
cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug]{ xs x'g]
/ /fHon] blnt
;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt cfw'lgs Joj;fodf pgLx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{
;f]sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk / ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg]
·
blnt ljBfyL{nfO{
k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd 5fqj[lQ ;lxt lgz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g] /
k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos pRr lzIffdf blntsf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{ kg{] .
·
blnt ;d'bfonfO{
:jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] / o:tf]
Joj:yf ubf{ ljkGg blntnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg' kg{] .
·
/fHon] e"ldxLg blntnfO{ Ps k6s hldg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .
·
cfjf;ljxLg
blntsf] nflu /fHon] a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug{]' .
·
/fHon] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;a} cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿df
;dfg'kflts 9+un] /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .
(= lg:sif{
hft, ju{sf] cfwf/df e]befj, 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ ug{] JolQm dfgl;s /f]usf]
l;sf/ dfq xf] . o:tf /f]uLdf v; afx'g If]qLsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5, c?df 5}gg
eGg] xf]Og . pgLx? /fHosf] tLg lgsfo sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf tyf Gofokflnsf Ps
qIf ar:j sfod 5 . ;fy} /fHosf] k|To]s c+u / lgsfodf pgLx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf]
kfOG5 . t;y{ pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g uof{] eg] of] ;d:ofsf] cGTo
c;Dej 5}g . xfd|f] n8fO{ oFxfsf kfx8L zf;s klg 5 / ;fy} dw]zL ;fDgtL;+u klg 5 .
b'j};Fu Ps} rf]6L n8g' kg]{ afWotf 5 .
o:t} ;d:of dw];L blntdf klg 5 . dw];L, blnt, u/La, clzIff, g]kfnL efifL gx'g', bngsf] la/f]w ug{ gug'{ ;Ddfg gkfpg'sf] sf/0f xf] . oL s'/fx? Ps;fy abNg' k5{ . blnt dfgl;stf
TofUg' k5{ . ;Ddfg kfpg k|ltjfb ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf rflxG5 . lzIff cfh{g ug{ ;Sg'
k5{ . wgL aGg klg OR5fzlQm rflxG5 . bngsf] lj?4 cl8g /xg tyf k|ltjfb ug{
hfgsf/L rflxG5 . hftLo 5'jf5't af/] j]b, pklgifb, dg':d[lt / of1aNSo :d[ltn] s]
eGg5\g\ < To;df ljjfbf:kb ljrf/ af/] lg?k0f s;/L ug{ eGg] af/] hfgsf/L x'g'
cfjZos 5 .
wGojfb
glbdf afn'jf / lu6\6L
rfn]/ dhb'/L u/L cfkmgf] hLjLsf kfh{g ug]{ Psn dlxnf dfgd6]l/of jf8{ g+= &
sL cgf/L xl/hg ;fj{hlgs wf/fdf xft v'6\6f w'g / kflg vfg hf+bf :yfgLo km'nfs]j6
/ lghsf] 5f]/fn] d/0ff;Gg ul/ s'6lk6 ul/Psf], gjnk/f;Ldf sIff !) sf k|yd
laBfyL{ a'l4nfn xl/hg dfly k|wfgfwofks / lzIfsx?4f/f hftLo lje]b u/L s'6lk6
ul/Psf], gjnk/f;Lsf] :jf7L a:g] dg'dfof blh{nfO{ hftLo lje]b u/L s'6lk6 ul/Psf]
/ ?kGb]xLsf] l;S6xg uf=la=;=df blnt ;d'bfosf JolQmx?nfO{ dlGb/ k|a]z ubf{
s'6lk6 ul/Psf] 36gf nufot y'k} 36gfx? x'b} u/]sf] kfOG5 .
clwjQmf df]xg ;fz+s/
lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno
;d]tsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f -;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$!^_df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] kz'klt ljsf; sf]ifåf/f ;+rflnt g]kfn j]b ljBf>ddf
pkfWofo a|fxd0fn] dfq} egf{
x'g kfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf efiffefifL
Pj+ hfltkfltdf ljljwtf ePsf] b]zdf Pshfltn] k9\g] ljBfnodf csf]{ hfltn] k9\g
gkfpg] h:tf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv cfPsf] k/Dk/fsf]
?kdf :jLsf/ u/L dfGotf lbPdf To;n] /fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
;dfgtfsf] xssf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] 7x/ ub{} OR5's
ljBfyL{sf] rfknfO{ Wofgdf /flv gLlt lgod th{'df u/L ;]jfnfO{ Jofks / ;+:yfut
ug{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' elg lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z u/]sf] 5 .